Fair Value or Cost Mode Drivers of Choice for Ias 40

European Accounting Review Vol. 19, No. 3, 461– 493, 2010 Fair Value or Cost Model? Drivers of Choice for IAS 40 in the Real Estate Industry A. QUAGLIâˆâ€" and F. AVALLONEâˆâ€"âˆâ€" âˆâ€" Department of Accounting and Business Studies (DITEA), University of Genova, Genova, Italy and âˆâ€" âˆâ€" Department of Computer and Management Science (DISA), University of Trento, Trento, Italy (Received September 2008; accepted February 2010) ABSTRACT The IFRS mandatory adoption in European countries is an excellent context from which to assess the validity of accounting choice theory, which postulates that information asymmetry, contractual efï ¬ ciency (agency costs) and managerial opportunism reasons could drive the choice. With this aim, we test the impact†¦show more content†¦Our ï ¬ ndings suggest that all the rationales described by accounting choice theory (information asymmetry, contractual efï ¬ ciency and managerial opportunism) drive the decision to adopt fair value. Indeed, regarding contractual efï ¬ ciency reasons in particular, we ï ¬ nd that the larger the size (proxy of political costs), the less likely fair value is to be chosen, while leverage and consequent lenders’ protection seems to be insigniï ¬ cant for the choice. Furthermore, our results show that market-to-book ratio (MTBV) (proxy of information asymmetry) is negatively related to the fair value choice. This ï ¬ nding, that conï ¬â€šicts with existing literature, could be accounted for in the real estate industry due to the fact that high levels of MTBV in this context reveal growth opportunities associated with a fair estimation of investment properties and therefore with a low information asymmetry. Managerial opportunism behaviour, measured by a dummy variable for earnings smoothing, seems to have an inï ¬â€šuence on fair value choice. 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The Establishment Of The Original Thirteen British Colonies

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The Syrian Refugee Crisis-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Write a Policy brief for the course name 'Governing Migration: Refugees, Borders and Development. Answer: Introduction This is a policy brief under the topic humanitarian responses to forced migration. The policy to be created is on how to solve the problems that the Syrian refugees are facing. There is a high rate of poverty amongst the Syrian refugees, and this is against the 1992 UN Resolution, and the Millennium Development Goals that aim at eradicating poverty in the world (Fargues 2014). Despite the existence of these resolutions and goals, the Syrian refugees are unable to have an access to the financial resources and other social resources that can enable them to live a prosperous life. In fact, few of them are living in camps supported by the governments of Turkey and Jordan. However, those in Lebanon are unable to have an access to refugee camps; thus, their lives becoming harder than the refugees living in Turkey and Jordan (Berti 2015). It is based on this fact that I propose the development of the Syrian Revolving Fund, to be managed by the UNHCR. All member states of UN should contribute to this fund, and the money should be used to educate the Syrian refugees, resettle them, and provide for their basic needs. Background The Syrian civil war began on 15th of March 2011 and it has millions of the Syrian, forcing them to cross borders. Turkey is hosting about 2.9 million Syrian refugees. Most of these refugees are living in urban centers, and their lives are a daily struggle (Hoffman and Samuk, 2016). This is basically because they do not have the financial resources that can enable them live a decent life that is full of prosperity. Moreover, the Syrian refugees have an option in staying at the refugee camps that are managed by the government. In fact, there are about 21 refugee camps in Turkey, and they host approximately 260,000 people. In Lebanon, life is not better. Approximately 70% of the Syrian refugees living in Lebanon are living below the poverty line. Life is made more difficult because Lebanon does not have a formal refugee camp, and this forces the immigrants to live in about 2,100 rural communities and urban centers that exist in Lebanon (Murphy, 2016). Because of their higher rates of poverty, the Syrian refugees are forced to live in poor housing conditions, and they are unable to have an access to some basic amenities and resources such as quality education and healthcare services. Jordan has about 660,000 Syrian refugees. About 80% of these refugees are living outside refugee camps that are set up by the government (Aras and Mencutek 2015). Moreover, there are about 140,000 refugees who are living in sanctuary camps of Azraq and Zaatari. Approximately 93% of the Syrian refugees in Jordan are living below the poverty line, and most of them are unable to afford some basic needs; thus, they are in need of help (Akgndz, Van Den Berg and Hassink 2015). This level of poverty amongst the Syrian refugees is alarming. The United Nations is concerned about the need of reducing poverty in the world. In fact, the 1992 United Nations resolution was passed, and it identified the need of eradicating poverty and destitution in the world (Balsari et al., 2015). Moreover, the Millennium Development Goals, that were passed by the United Nations also focused on the eradication of extreme poverty, hunger, illiteracy and diseases. These are the problems that the Syrian refugees are facing in Lebanon, Turkey, Jordan, Egypt, Iraq, and other MENA countries they are seeking refuge. The Deficiency of the Current Strategies The UNHCR has come up with various policies aimed at providing humanitarian aid to the Syrian refugees. This includes giving them money to buy basic foodstuffs such as food, medicine, clothes, and fuel. In 2017, UNHCR partnered with other development and humanitarian agencies of the UN to appeal for about $ 8 billion (Vaz et al., 2017). The aim of seeking this money was to help Syrian refugees all over the world. While seeking these funds, the UNHCR came up with the Regional Refugee and Resilience Plan that aimed at raising $ 4.63 billion, for purposes of supporting Syrian refugees in neighboring countries. The second approach involved the creation of the Syrian Humanitarian Response Plan, whose aim was to raise $3.2 billion, to support the Syrian refugees who are internally displaced. Nonetheless, there are a number of weaknesses for these policy initiatives. One weakness is that UNHCR aims at appealing for funds, this is as opposed to making states as stakeholders and partners, who should play a role in the eradication of poverty amongst the Syrian refugees. The Proposed Reform I would propose integrating these plans, into the Syrian Revolving Fund. This should be a body within UNHCR, tasked with raising money that can be used for purposes of resettling the Syrian refugees, and fighting poverty amongst them. However, while coming up with the Revolving Fund, the UNHCR should lobby the UN GENERAL Assembly for all member states to be a partner in the fund, and contribute money towards it. The UNHCR should invoke the Millennium Development Goals and the 1992 UN Resolutions, while lobbying members states to be partners to this fund. This will easily help to raise the much needed money, for fighting poverty amongst the Syrian refugees. Conclusion Finally, the development of the Revolving Fund will help in reducing the rates of poverty amongst the Syrian refugees. It will be easier for UNHCR to raise money, because it has partnered with member states of the UN, and the organization can get the necessary support needed to achieve its mandate of taking care of the needs of the refugees. Reference List Akgndz, Y., Van Den Berg, M. and Hassink, W.H., 2015. The impact of refugee crises on host labor markets: the case of the Syrian refugee crisis in Turkey. Aras, N.E.G. and Mencutek, Z.S., 2015. The international migration and foreign policy nexus: the case of Syrian refugee crisis and Turkey.Migration Letters,12(3), p.193. Balsari, S., Abisaab, J., Hamill, K. and Leaning, J., 2015. Syrian refugee crisis: when aid is notenough.Lancet (London, England),385(9972), p.942. Berti, B., 2015. The Syrian refugee crisis: Regional and human security implications.StrategicAssessment,17(4), pp.41-53. Fargues, P., 2014. Europe must take on its share of the Syrian refugee burden, but how?. Hoffman, S. and Samuk, S., 2016.Turkish Immigration Politics and the Syrian RefugeeCrisis(No. 01). SWP Working Paper, German Institute for International and SecurityAffairs. Vaz, E., Lee, K., Moonilal, V. and Pereira, K., 2017. Potential of Geographic InformationSystems for Refugee Crisis: Syrian Refugee Relocation in Urban Habitats.Habitat International. Murphy, A., Woodman, M., Roberts, B. and McKee, M., 2016. The neglected refugeecrisis.BMJ (Clinical research ed),352, p.i484.